Peers: optional latency check with per-peer setting

The server pings a peer's tunnel address every 30 s and shows the median
of the last 5 minutes in the peer list (with a 1-hour sparkline) and a
24-hour chart on the peer page. Off by default; "active" pings only
while the device sends traffic, "always" keeps the tunnel up.

README.md

@@ -221,6 +221,7 @@ GET    /peers          POST /peers       (returns the config and QR once)
 GET    /peers/{id}     PATCH /peers/{id} DELETE /peers/{id}
 POST   /peers/{id}/enable | /disable | /issue-config
 GET    /peers/{id}/stats?range=…        GET /peers/{id}/sessions?limit=100
+GET    /peers/{id}/latency               (24 h, one point per 5 minutes)
 GET    /peers/{id}/setup (not read-only) DELETE /peers/{id}/setup
 GET    /settings       PATCH /settings   POST /restart
 GET    /logs?level=&limit=&audit=1       GET /logs/download
@@ -236,6 +237,15 @@ link, the peer's current keys keep working until the link is opened.
 Traffic is reported from the peer's point of view: `down` is what the peer
 downloaded, `up` is what it uploaded.
 
+Latency is measured by pinging the peer's tunnel address every 30 seconds. Set
+it per peer with `PATCH /peers/{id}` `{"latencyCheck": "off"|"active"|"always"}`
+(default `off`). `active` pings only while the device sends traffic, so idle
+phones are not woken up; `always` keeps the tunnel up, so the peer always shows
+as online. The service opens an unprivileged ICMP socket, which needs its group
+in the sysctl `net.ipv4.ping_group_range` (systemd allows all groups by
+default). Devices that block ping, such as Windows with its default firewall,
+show no reply.
+
 ## Firewall note
 
 GHOSTWIRE's rules sit in their own nftables table. An accept there cannot

api.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package main
 
 import (
+	"cmp"
 	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
@@ -123,6 +124,7 @@ func (a *App) routes() http.Handler {
 	g("POST /api/v1/peers/{id}/disable", a.setEnabled(false))
 	g("POST /api/v1/peers/{id}/issue-config", a.issueConfig)
 	g("GET /api/v1/peers/{id}/stats", a.peerStats)
+	g("GET /api/v1/peers/{id}/latency", a.peerLatency)
 	g("GET /api/v1/peers/{id}/sessions", a.peerSessions)
 	g("GET /api/v1/peers/{id}/setup", a.getSetup)
 	g("DELETE /api/v1/peers/{id}/setup", a.revokeSetup)
@@ -269,6 +271,9 @@ func (a *App) status(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		ac.Detail = applyErr.Error()
 	}
 	checks = append(checks, ac)
+	if pc, ok := a.stats.PingCheck(cfg); ok {
+		checks = append(checks, pc)
+	}
 	healthy := true
 	for _, c := range checks {
 		healthy = healthy && c.OK
@@ -319,6 +324,26 @@ func (a *App) peerStats(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	writeJSON(w, http.StatusOK, map[string]any{"range": rng, "points": a.stats.series([]string{r.PathValue("id")}, rng)})
 }
 
+func (a *App) peerLatency(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	if _, p := a.store.Get().peerByID(r.PathValue("id")); p == nil {
+		writeJSON(w, http.StatusNotFound, map[string]string{"error": "no such peer"})
+		return
+	}
+	writeJSON(w, http.StatusOK, map[string]any{"stepSeconds": int(latencyStep.Seconds()), "points": a.stats.LatencyHistory(r.PathValue("id"))})
+}
+
+// latencyMode turns the API value into the stored one: "off" (or nothing)
+// is stored empty.
+func latencyMode(v string) (string, error) {
+	if v == "off" {
+		return latencyOff, nil
+	}
+	if !validLatencyCheck(v) {
+		return "", badRequest("latencyCheck must be off, active or always")
+	}
+	return v, nil
+}
+
 // --- server ---
 
 type serverView struct {
@@ -517,6 +542,7 @@ type peerView struct {
 	EffDNS       []string    `json:"effectiveDNS"`
 	EffAllowed   []string    `json:"effectiveAllowedIPs"`
 	EffKeepalive int         `json:"effectiveKeepalive"`
+	LatencyCheck string      `json:"latencyCheck"` // off | active | always
 	Created      time.Time   `json:"created"`
 	ConfigIssued *time.Time  `json:"configIssued"`
 	Setup        *setupView  `json:"setup"` // null = no pending setup link
@@ -528,6 +554,7 @@ func (a *App) peerView(c *Config, p *Peer) peerView {
 		ID: p.ID, Name: p.Name, Note: p.Note, Enabled: p.Enabled, PublicKey: p.PublicKey,
 		HasPSK: p.PresharedKey != "", IPv4: p.IPv4, DNS: p.DNS, AllowedIPs: p.AllowedIPs, Keepalive: p.Keepalive,
 		EffDNS: peerDNS(c, p), EffAllowed: peerAllowedIPs(c, p), EffKeepalive: peerKeepalive(c, p),
+		LatencyCheck: cmp.Or(p.LatencyCheck, "off"),
 		Created:      p.Created, ConfigIssued: p.ConfigIssued, Setup: viewSetup(p.Setup), Stats: a.stats.Summary(p.ID),
 	}
 	if c.Server.IPv6Enabled {
@@ -610,6 +637,7 @@ func (a *App) createPeer(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		AllowedIPs   []string `json:"allowedIPs"`
 		Keepalive    *int     `json:"keepalive"`
 		PresharedKey *bool    `json:"presharedKey"`
+		LatencyCheck string   `json:"latencyCheck"`
 		setupRequest
 	}
 	if err := readJSON(r, &in); err != nil {
@@ -617,6 +645,11 @@ func (a *App) createPeer(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		return
 	}
 	in.Name = strings.TrimSpace(in.Name)
+	lc, err := latencyMode(in.LatencyCheck)
+	if err != nil {
+		writeErr(w, err)
+		return
+	}
 	link, err := in.newLink()
 	if err != nil {
 		writeErr(w, err)
@@ -624,7 +657,7 @@ func (a *App) createPeer(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	}
 	p := Peer{
 		ID: newID(), Name: in.Name, Note: strings.TrimSpace(in.Note), Enabled: true,
-		DNS: in.DNS, AllowedIPs: in.AllowedIPs, Keepalive: in.Keepalive, Created: time.Now().UTC(),
+		DNS: in.DNS, AllowedIPs: in.AllowedIPs, Keepalive: in.Keepalive, LatencyCheck: lc, Created: time.Now().UTC(),
 	}
 	// With a link, the keys are made when the link is opened.
 	var priv string
@@ -735,6 +768,18 @@ func (a *App) patchPeer(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 			}
 			changed = append(changed, "keepalive")
 		}
+		if raw, ok := m["latencyCheck"]; ok {
+			var v string
+			if err := json.Unmarshal(raw, &v); err != nil {
+				return badRequest("latencyCheck: %v", err)
+			}
+			lc, err := latencyMode(v)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			p.LatencyCheck = lc
+			changed = append(changed, "latencyCheck")
+		}
 		p.Name = strings.TrimSpace(p.Name)
 		p.Note = strings.TrimSpace(p.Note)
 		name = p.Name

app.css

@@ -181,6 +181,20 @@ fieldset { border: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0; min-width: 0; display: flex; flex-d
 .chart .grp.on span.total { background: var(--down-strong); }
 .xaxis { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; margin: 8px 0 0 56px; font-size: 11px; color: var(--axis-ink); }
 .chart.loading { opacity: .5; }
+.chart .plot { position: absolute; left: 56px; right: 0; top: 0; bottom: 1px; }
+.chart .plot svg { width: 100%; height: 100%; display: block; overflow: visible; }
+.chart .band, .key.band { fill: var(--down); background: var(--down); opacity: .2; }
+.chart .med { fill: none; stroke: var(--down); stroke-width: 1.75; stroke-linejoin: round; stroke-linecap: round; vector-effect: non-scaling-stroke; }
+.chart .cursor { stroke: var(--axis); stroke-width: 1; vector-effect: non-scaling-stroke; }
+
+/* latency in the peer list */
+.lat { display: inline-flex; vertical-align: middle; align-items: center; justify-content: flex-end; gap: 8px; }
+.lat .mono { min-width: 6ch; text-align: right; }
+.latnote { font-size: 12px; color: var(--ink-3); }
+.lat.stale, .latnote.stale { opacity: .5; }
+.spark { width: 56px; height: 18px; display: block; flex: none; }
+.spark polyline { fill: none; stroke: var(--down); stroke-width: 1.5; stroke-linejoin: round; stroke-linecap: round; }
+.spark circle { fill: var(--down); }
 
 /* config / log blocks */
 pre.code, pre.log { margin: 0; padding: 14px; background: var(--ink); color: #e6e6e1; border-radius: 10px; font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.6; overflow-x: auto; white-space: pre; }

app.js

@@ -148,6 +148,54 @@
 
   const badge = (st) => h('span', { class: 'badge' }, h('span', { class: st.dot }), st.label);
 
+  // svg builds an SVG element; attrs are set as attributes.
+  function svg(tag, attrs, ...kids) {
+    const el = document.createElementNS('http://www.w3.org/2000/svg', tag);
+    for (const [k, v] of Object.entries(attrs || {})) el.setAttribute(k, v);
+    add(el, kids);
+    return el;
+  }
+
+  const fmtMs = (ms) => (ms < 10 ? ms.toFixed(1) : String(Math.round(ms))) + ' ms';
+
+  // A latency value is stale when the server stopped pinging, e.g. because
+  // the device went idle; it is then shown greyed out.
+  const latStale = (l) => Date.now() - Date.parse(l.at) > 3 * 30000;
+
+  // latState describes a peer's latency for the lists: null when there is
+  // nothing to show.
+  function latState(p) {
+    if (!p.enabled || !p.publicKey) return null;
+    if (p.latencyCheck === 'off') return { note: 'Check off', title: 'The latency check is off for this peer' };
+    const l = p.stats.latency;
+    const idle = p.latencyCheck === 'active' ? 'Pinged only while the device sends traffic' : 'Not measured yet';
+    if (!l) return { note: '–', title: idle };
+    const stale = latStale(l);
+    const when = stale ? ' · measured ' + ago(l.at) : '';
+    if (l.ms == null) return { note: 'No ping reply', stale, title: 'The device does not answer ping. Windows blocks it in its firewall by default.' + when };
+    return { ms: l.ms, spark: l.spark, stale, title: 'Median of the last 5 minutes · ' + fmtMs(l.min) + '–' + fmtMs(l.max) + ' · ' + l.loss + ' % loss' + when };
+  }
+
+  // sparkline draws the medians of the last hour; gaps are skipped.
+  function sparkline(vals) {
+    const pts = (vals || []).map((v, i) => [i, v]).filter(([, v]) => v != null);
+    const s = svg('svg', { class: 'spark', viewBox: '0 0 56 18', 'aria-hidden': 'true' });
+    if (pts.length < 2) return s;
+    const lo = Math.min(...pts.map(([, v]) => v)), hi = Math.max(...pts.map(([, v]) => v));
+    const span = Math.max(hi - lo, hi * 0.2, 1);
+    const xy = ([i, v]) => [(i / (vals.length - 1) * 54 + 1).toFixed(1), (16 - (v - lo) / span * 14).toFixed(1)];
+    const [ex, ey] = xy(pts[pts.length - 1]);
+    s.append(svg('polyline', { points: pts.map((p) => xy(p).join(',')).join(' ') }), svg('circle', { cx: ex, cy: ey, r: 2 }));
+    return s;
+  }
+
+  function latCell(p) {
+    const st = latState(p);
+    if (!st) return h('td', { class: 'num muted' }, '–');
+    if (st.ms == null) return h('td', { class: 'num' }, h('span', { class: st.stale ? 'latnote stale' : 'latnote', title: st.title }, st.note));
+    return h('td', { class: 'num' }, h('span', { class: st.stale ? 'lat stale' : 'lat', title: st.title }, sparkline(st.spark), h('span', { class: 'mono' }, fmtMs(st.ms))));
+  }
+
   // ---------- API ----------
 
   async function api(method, path, body) {
@@ -346,6 +394,63 @@
         h('span', null, range === '24h' ? 'now' : pointLabel(points[points.length - 1].t, range))));
   }
 
+  // latencyChart draws the median as a line over a min–max band, one point
+  // per 5 minutes; steps without replies leave a gap. Hover shows the values.
+  function latencyChart(points) {
+    const ok = (p) => p.sent > p.lost;
+    const peak = Math.max(0, ...points.filter(ok).map((p) => p.max));
+    const top = peak > 0 ? niceTop(peak) : 100;
+    const n = points.length, W = 1000, H = 100;
+    const x = (i) => (i + 0.5) / n * W, y = (v) => (H - v / top * H).toFixed(2);
+    const segs = [];
+    points.forEach((p, i) => {
+      if (!ok(p)) return;
+      const last = segs[segs.length - 1];
+      if (last && last[last.length - 1] === i - 1) last.push(i); else segs.push([i]);
+    });
+    const half = W / n * 0.4;
+    const shapes = segs.flatMap((seg) => {
+      // A lone point gets a short flat stretch so it stays visible.
+      const xs = seg.length > 1 ? seg.map(x) : [x(seg[0]) - half, x(seg[0]) + half];
+      const at = (k) => points[seg[Math.min(k, seg.length - 1)]];
+      const upper = xs.map((xv, k) => xv.toFixed(1) + ',' + y(at(k).max));
+      const lower = xs.map((xv, k) => xv.toFixed(1) + ',' + y(at(k).min)).reverse();
+      return [
+        svg('polygon', { class: 'band', points: upper.concat(lower).join(' ') }),
+        svg('polyline', { class: 'med', points: xs.map((xv, k) => xv.toFixed(1) + ',' + y(at(k).med)).join(' ') }),
+      ];
+    });
+    const cursor = svg('line', { class: 'cursor', x1: 0, x2: 0, y1: 0, y2: H, visibility: 'hidden' });
+    const plot = svg('svg', { viewBox: '0 0 ' + W + ' ' + H, preserveAspectRatio: 'none', 'aria-hidden': 'true' }, shapes, cursor);
+    const label = (p) => {
+      const d = new Date(p.t * 1000);
+      return d.toLocaleTimeString(undefined, { hour: '2-digit', minute: '2-digit' });
+    };
+    const withData = points.filter(ok);
+    const idle = () => withData.length
+      ? ['Median over 24 hours ', h('strong', null, fmtMs(withData.map((p) => p.med).sort((a, b) => a - b)[withData.length >> 1])), ' · hover the chart to see a time.']
+      : ['No measurements in the last 24 hours.'];
+    const readout = h('div', { class: 'readout' }, idle());
+    const wrapEl = h('div', { class: 'plot', role: 'img', 'aria-label': 'Latency over the last 24 hours',
+      onMousemove: (e) => {
+        const r = wrapEl.getBoundingClientRect();
+        const i = Math.max(0, Math.min(n - 1, Math.floor((e.clientX - r.left) / r.width * n)));
+        const p = points[i];
+        cursor.setAttribute('x1', x(i)); cursor.setAttribute('x2', x(i)); cursor.setAttribute('visibility', 'visible');
+        readout.replaceChildren(...(ok(p)
+          ? [label(p), ' · median ', h('strong', null, fmtMs(p.med)), ' · ' + fmtMs(p.min) + '–' + fmtMs(p.max) + ' · ' + Math.round(p.lost * 100 / p.sent) + ' % loss']
+          : [label(p), p.sent ? ' · no reply' : ' · not measured']));
+      },
+      onMouseleave: () => { cursor.setAttribute('visibility', 'hidden'); readout.replaceChildren(...idle()); } }, plot);
+    return h('div', null,
+      readout,
+      h('div', { class: 'chart small' },
+        h('div', { class: 'gl top' }), h('div', { class: 'gl mid' }), h('div', { class: 'gl base' }),
+        h('div', { class: 'yl top' }, fmtMs(top)), h('div', { class: 'yl mid' }, fmtMs(top / 2)),
+        wrapEl),
+      h('div', { class: 'xaxis' }, h('span', null, '24 h ago'), h('span', null, '12 h ago'), h('span', null, 'now')));
+  }
+
   // ---------- shell, router ----------
 
   const NAV = [['#/', 'dashboard', 'Dashboard'], ['#/peers', 'peers', 'Peers'], ['#/server', 'server', 'Server'], ['#/settings', 'settings', 'Settings']];
@@ -574,6 +679,7 @@
         h('td', null, badge(peerState(p))),
         h('td', { class: 'mono muted' }, p.stats.endpoint || '–',
           p.stats.location && p.stats.location.country ? h('span', { class: 'cc', title: fmtLocation(p.stats.location) }, p.stats.location.country) : null),
+        latCell(p),
         h('td', { class: 'num' }, fmtBytes(p.stats.down30d)),
         h('td', { class: 'num' }, fmtBytes(p.stats.up30d)),
         h('td', null, h('input', { type: 'checkbox', class: 'sw', checked: p.enabled, 'aria-label': (p.enabled ? 'Disable ' : 'Enable ') + p.name, onChange: (e) => toggle(p, e.target.checked) })),
@@ -593,9 +699,9 @@
         pills),
       h('section', { class: 'card flush' }, h('div', { class: 'tbl' }, h('table', null,
         h('thead', null, h('tr', null, ['Name', 'Address', 'Status', 'Endpoint'].map((t) => h('th', null, t)),
-          h('th', { class: 'num' }, 'Download, 30 d'), h('th', { class: 'num' }, 'Upload, 30 d'), h('th', null, 'Enabled'), h('th', null, h('span', { class: 'sr' }, 'Actions')))),
+          h('th', { class: 'num' }, 'Latency'), h('th', { class: 'num' }, 'Download, 30 d'), h('th', { class: 'num' }, 'Upload, 30 d'), h('th', null, 'Enabled'), h('th', null, h('span', { class: 'sr' }, 'Actions')))),
         tbody), empty)),
-      h('p', { class: 'muted', style: { margin: '0', fontSize: '13px' } }, 'Online means a handshake in the last 3 minutes. Download and Upload are measured from the peer\'s side. Changes apply live without disconnecting other peers.'));
+      h('p', { class: 'muted', style: { margin: '0', fontSize: '13px' } }, 'Online means a handshake in the last 3 minutes. Latency is the round trip from the server through the tunnel to the device and back, median of the last 5 minutes; turn it on in a peer\'s settings. Download and Upload are measured from the peer\'s side. Changes apply live without disconnecting other peers.'));
     every(15000, async () => { try { data = await api('GET', '/peers'); drawRows(); } catch { /* keep last */ } });
   }
 
@@ -745,6 +851,21 @@
     const totals = h('div', { class: 'legend-row' });
     const pills = h('div', { class: 'pills', role: 'group', 'aria-label': 'Time range' });
 
+    const showLat = p.latencyCheck !== 'off' || p.stats.latency;
+    const latBox = h('div');
+    async function drawLatency() {
+      if (!showLat) return;
+      try { latBox.replaceChildren(latencyChart((await api('GET', '/peers/' + id + '/latency')).points)); } catch (e) { latBox.replaceChildren(h('p', { class: 'err-text' }, e.message)); }
+    }
+    const latText = () => {
+      const l = p.stats.latency;
+      if (p.latencyCheck === 'off' && !l) return h('span', { class: 'muted' }, 'Check off');
+      if (!l) return h('span', { class: 'muted' }, p.latencyCheck === 'active' ? 'Not measured yet · pinged only while the device sends traffic' : 'Not measured yet');
+      const when = latStale(l) || p.latencyCheck === 'off' ? h('span', { class: 'muted' }, ' · measured ' + ago(l.at)) : null;
+      if (l.ms == null) return [h('span', null, 'No ping reply'), when];
+      return [h('span', { class: 'mono' }, fmtMs(l.ms)), h('span', { class: 'muted' }, ' median · ' + fmtMs(l.min) + '–' + fmtMs(l.max) + ' · ' + l.loss + ' % loss'), when];
+    };
+
     async function drawTraffic() {
       pills.replaceChildren(...[['24h', '24 h'], ['7d', '7 days'], ['30d', '30 days']].map(([k, t]) =>
         h('button', { type: 'button', class: range === k ? 'pill on' : 'pill', 'aria-pressed': String(range === k), onClick: () => { range = k; drawTraffic(); } }, t)));
@@ -829,11 +950,19 @@
     const dns = choice({ id: 'dns', label: 'DNS', ...ch.dns, placeholder: '9.9.9.9' });
     const allowed = choice({ id: 'ai', label: 'Client AllowedIPs', ...ch.allowed, hint: 'Used in the client config', placeholder: '0.0.0.0/0, ::/0' });
     const ka = choice({ id: 'ka', label: 'Persistent keepalive', ...ch.ka, placeholder: 'Seconds' });
+    const LAT_HINTS = {
+      off: 'The server never pings this peer.',
+      active: 'Pings every 30 s while the device sends traffic. An idle device is left alone.',
+      always: 'Pings every 30 s, even when idle. This keeps the tunnel up, so the peer always shows as Online. Best for servers and routers.',
+    };
+    const latHint = h('span', { class: 'hint' }, LAT_HINTS[p.latencyCheck]);
+    const lc = h('select', { id: 'lc', onChange: () => { latHint.textContent = LAT_HINTS[lc.value]; } },
+      [['off', 'Off'], ['active', 'While the device is active'], ['always', 'Always']].map(([v, t]) => h('option', { value: v, selected: v === p.latencyCheck }, t)));
     const save = async (e) => {
       e.preventDefault();
       err.textContent = '';
       try {
-        const body = { name: name.value, note: note.value, ipv4: ip.value.trim(), ...overrides(dns, allowed, ka, srv) };
+        const body = { name: name.value, note: note.value, ipv4: ip.value.trim(), latencyCheck: lc.value, ...overrides(dns, allowed, ka, srv) };
         const res = await api('PATCH', '/peers/' + id, body);
         applied(res, 'Saved');
         render();
@@ -856,6 +985,13 @@
         h('div', { class: 'cardhead' }, h('div', null, h('h2', { id: 'traffic' }, 'Traffic'), totals), pills),
         traffic),
 
+      showLat ? h('section', { class: 'card', 'aria-labelledby': 'lat' },
+        h('div', { class: 'cardhead' }, h('h2', { id: 'lat' }, 'Latency · last 24 hours'),
+          h('div', { class: 'legend-row', style: { marginTop: '0' } },
+            h('span', null, h('span', { class: 'key down' }), 'Median'),
+            h('span', null, h('span', { class: 'key band' }), 'Min–max'))),
+        latBox) : null,
+
       h('div', { class: 'cols' },
         h('section', { class: 'card' },
           h('h2', null, 'Connection'),
@@ -864,6 +1000,7 @@
             h('dt', null, 'Endpoint'), h('dd', { class: 'mono' }, p.stats.endpoint || '–'),
             h('dt', null, 'Location'), h('dd', null, fmtLocation(p.stats.location) || '–'),
             h('dt', null, 'Latest handshake'), h('dd', null, ago(p.stats.lastHandshake)),
+            h('dt', null, 'Latency'), h('dd', null, latText()),
             h('dt', null, 'Public key'), h('dd', { class: 'mono' }, p.publicKey || '–'),
             h('dt', null, 'Preshared key'), h('dd', null, p.hasPresharedKey ? 'Set' : 'None'),
             h('dt', null, 'All-time traffic'), h('dd', null, 'Download ' + fmtBytes(p.stats.downTotal) + ' · Upload ' + fmtBytes(p.stats.upTotal)))),
@@ -894,17 +1031,18 @@
 
       h('form', { class: 'card', onSubmit: save },
         h('h2', null, 'Settings'),
-        h('p', { class: 'lead' }, 'Name and address changes apply immediately. DNS, AllowedIPs and keepalive are part of the client config: they take effect after the config is issued again.'),
+        h('p', { class: 'lead' }, 'Name, address and latency check changes apply immediately. DNS, AllowedIPs and keepalive are part of the client config: they take effect after the config is issued again.'),
         h('div', { class: 'grid' },
           h('div', { class: 'field' }, h('label', { htmlFor: 'n' }, 'Name'), name, h('span', { class: 'hint' }, 'Letters, numbers, . _ @ - · max 32')),
           h('div', { class: 'field' }, h('label', { htmlFor: 'no' }, 'Note'), note),
           h('div', { class: 'field' }, h('label', { htmlFor: 'ip' }, 'IPv4 address'), ip, h('span', { class: 'hint' }, 'Changing it requires a new client config')),
-          ka.el, allowed.el, dns.el),
+          ka.el, allowed.el, dns.el,
+          h('div', { class: 'field' }, h('label', { htmlFor: 'lc' }, 'Latency check'), lc, latHint)),
         err,
         h('div', { class: 'formfoot' },
           h('button', { type: 'button', class: 'btn', onClick: render }, 'Cancel'),
           h('button', { type: 'submit', class: 'btn primary' }, 'Save changes'))));
-    await drawTraffic();
+    await Promise.all([drawTraffic(), drawLatency()]);
   }
 
   // ---------- server ----------

config.go

@@ -116,6 +116,9 @@ type Peer struct {
 	DNS          []string `json:"dns,omitempty"`        // nil = server default
 	AllowedIPs   []string `json:"allowedIPs,omitempty"` // nil = server default
 	Keepalive    *int     `json:"keepalive,omitempty"`  // nil = server default
+	// LatencyCheck says when the server pings the peer through the tunnel:
+	// "" (off), "active" (while the device sends traffic) or "always".
+	LatencyCheck string     `json:"latencyCheck,omitempty"`
 	Created      time.Time  `json:"created"`
 	ConfigIssued *time.Time `json:"configIssued,omitempty"`
 	// Setup is a pending one-time setup link. A peer created with a link has
@@ -366,6 +369,9 @@ func (c *Config) validate() error {
 		if p.Keepalive != nil && (*p.Keepalive < 0 || *p.Keepalive > 3600) {
 			return fmt.Errorf("peer %q: keepalive must be 0–3600 seconds", p.Name)
 		}
+		if !validLatencyCheck(p.LatencyCheck) {
+			return fmt.Errorf("peer %q: latency check must be off, active or always", p.Name)
+		}
 	}
 	return nil
 }

go.mod

@@ -4,9 +4,11 @@ go 1.27.1
 
 require (
 	github.com/google/nftables v0.3.0
+	github.com/oschwald/maxminddb-golang v1.13.1
 	github.com/skip2/go-qrcode v0.0.0-20200617195104-da1b6568686e
 	github.com/vishvananda/netlink v1.3.1
 	golang.org/x/crypto v0.57.0
+	golang.org/x/net v0.58.0
 	golang.org/x/sys v0.48.0
 	golang.org/x/term v0.46.0
 	golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/wgctrl v0.0.0-20241231184526-a9ab2273dd10
@@ -17,9 +19,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/mdlayher/genetlink v1.3.2 // indirect
 	github.com/mdlayher/netlink v1.7.3-0.20250113171957-fbb4dce95f42 // indirect
 	github.com/mdlayher/socket v0.5.1 // indirect
-	github.com/oschwald/maxminddb-golang v1.13.1 // indirect
 	github.com/vishvananda/netns v0.0.5 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/net v0.58.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/sync v0.23.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/text v0.42.0 // indirect
 	golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard v0.0.0-20231211153847-12269c276173 // indirect

go.sum

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 h1:vj9j/u1bqnvCEfJOwUhtlOARqs3+rkHYY13jYWTU97c=
+github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.6.0 h1:ofyhxvXcZhMsU5ulbFiLKl/XBFqE1GSq7atu8tAmTRI=
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.6.0/go.mod h1:17dUlkBOakJ0+DkrSSNjCkIjxS6bF9zb3elmeNGIjoY=
 github.com/google/nftables v0.3.0 h1:bkyZ0cbpVeMHXOrtlFc8ISmfVqq5gPJukoYieyVmITg=
@@ -12,8 +14,12 @@ github.com/mikioh/ipaddr v0.0.0-20190404000644-d465c8ab6721 h1:RlZweED6sbSArvlE9
 github.com/mikioh/ipaddr v0.0.0-20190404000644-d465c8ab6721/go.mod h1:Ickgr2WtCLZ2MDGd4Gr0geeCH5HybhRJbonOgQpvSxc=
 github.com/oschwald/maxminddb-golang v1.13.1 h1:G3wwjdN9JmIK2o/ermkHM+98oX5fS+k5MbwsmL4MRQE=
 github.com/oschwald/maxminddb-golang v1.13.1/go.mod h1:K4pgV9N/GcK694KSTmVSDTODk4IsCNThNdTmnaBZ/F8=
+github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 h1:4DBwDE0NGyQoBHbLQYPwSUPoCMWR5BEzIk/f1lZbAQM=
+github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0/go.mod h1:iKH77koFhYxTK1pcRnkKkqfTogsbg7gZNVY4sRDYZ/4=
 github.com/skip2/go-qrcode v0.0.0-20200617195104-da1b6568686e h1:MRM5ITcdelLK2j1vwZ3Je0FKVCfqOLp5zO6trqMLYs0=
 github.com/skip2/go-qrcode v0.0.0-20200617195104-da1b6568686e/go.mod h1:XV66xRDqSt+GTGFMVlhk3ULuV0y9ZmzeVGR4mloJI3M=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.9.0 h1:HtqpIVDClZ4nwg75+f6Lvsy/wHu+3BoSGCbBAcpTsTg=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.9.0/go.mod h1:r2ic/lqez/lEtzL7wO/rwa5dbSLXVDPFyf8C91i36aY=
 github.com/vishvananda/netlink v1.3.1 h1:3AEMt62VKqz90r0tmNhog0r/PpWKmrEShJU0wJW6bV0=
 github.com/vishvananda/netlink v1.3.1/go.mod h1:ARtKouGSTGchR8aMwmkzC0qiNPrrWO5JS/XMVl45+b4=
 github.com/vishvananda/netns v0.0.5 h1:DfiHV+j8bA32MFM7bfEunvT8IAqQ/NzSJHtcmW5zdEY=
@@ -36,3 +42,5 @@ golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard v0.0.0-20231211153847-12269c276173 h1:/jFs0duh4rdb8uI
 golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard v0.0.0-20231211153847-12269c276173/go.mod h1:tkCQ4FQXmpAgYVh++1cq16/dH4QJtmvpRv19DWGAHSA=
 golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/wgctrl v0.0.0-20241231184526-a9ab2273dd10 h1:3GDAcqdIg1ozBNLgPy4SLT84nfcBjr6rhGtXYtrkWLU=
 golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/wgctrl v0.0.0-20241231184526-a9ab2273dd10/go.mod h1:T97yPqesLiNrOYxkwmhMI0ZIlJDm+p0PMR8eRVeR5tQ=
+gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 h1:fxVm/GzAzEWqLHuvctI91KS9hhNmmWOoWu0XTYJS7CA=
+gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=

kernel.go

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package main
 
 import (
 	"log/slog"
+	"net/netip"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
 )
@@ -30,6 +31,9 @@ type Kernel interface {
 	Sample(iface string) ([]PeerSample, error)
 	Checks(c *Config) []Check
 	Uplink(c *Config, v6 bool) string
+	// Ping sends one echo request to each address and returns the round-trip
+	// times of the replies that came within timeout.
+	Ping(dsts []netip.Addr, timeout time.Duration) (map[netip.Addr]time.Duration, error)
 	Down(c *Config) error
 	Close() error
 }

kernel_other.go

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"log/slog"
 	"math/rand/v2"
+	"net/netip"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
 )
@@ -89,3 +90,18 @@ func (k *simKernel) Uplink(c *Config, v6 bool) string {
 }
 
 func (k *simKernel) Down(*Config) error { return nil }
+
+// Ping invents round trips from the address, so each peer keeps its own
+// typical latency. Every seventh address never answers, like a Windows PC.
+func (k *simKernel) Ping(dsts []netip.Addr, _ time.Duration) (map[netip.Addr]time.Duration, error) {
+	out := map[netip.Addr]time.Duration{}
+	for _, d := range dsts {
+		last := int(d.As4()[3])
+		if last%7 == 4 {
+			continue
+		}
+		base := 8 + last*37%180
+		out[d] = time.Duration(base*1000+rand.IntN(base*300+1)) * time.Microsecond
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}

latency.go

@@ -0,0 +1,305 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"log/slog"
+	"net/netip"
+	"slices"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// Latency is measured by pinging a peer's tunnel address from the server:
+// WireGuard itself reports no round-trip time. A ping to an idle device
+// wakes it and starts new handshakes, which would keep it "online" for good,
+// so the "active" mode pings only while the device sends traffic of its own.
+
+const (
+	latencyOff    = ""
+	latencyActive = "active"
+	latencyAlways = "always"
+
+	pingInterval  = 30 * time.Second
+	pingTimeout   = 2 * time.Second
+	latencyStep   = 5 * time.Minute // one point of the latency history
+	latencyKeep   = 24 * time.Hour
+	latencyWindow = 5 * time.Minute // the current value is the median of this window
+	activeWindow  = 2 * time.Minute
+	// activeRxBytes is what a peer must send in one sample interval to count
+	// as active. Ping replies (~128 bytes) and keepalives stay well below it.
+	activeRxBytes = 1024
+)
+
+func validLatencyCheck(m string) bool {
+	return m == latencyOff || m == latencyActive || m == latencyAlways
+}
+
+// latBucket is one step of a peer's latency history, in milliseconds. The
+// single round trips are kept only while the step is open; a closed step
+// keeps its summary.
+type latBucket struct {
+	T    int64     `json:"t"`
+	Sent int       `json:"sent"`
+	Lost int       `json:"lost"`
+	Min  float64   `json:"min,omitempty"`
+	Med  float64   `json:"med,omitempty"`
+	Max  float64   `json:"max,omitempty"`
+	RTTs []float64 `json:"rtts,omitempty"`
+}
+
+// summary returns the bucket with Min, Med and Max filled in and no RTTs.
+func (b latBucket) summary() latBucket {
+	if len(b.RTTs) > 0 {
+		b.Min, b.Med, b.Max = spread(b.RTTs)
+	}
+	b.RTTs = nil
+	return b
+}
+
+// spread returns the minimum, median and maximum of v (not empty).
+func spread(v []float64) (lo, med, hi float64) {
+	s := slices.Clone(v)
+	slices.Sort(s)
+	n := len(s)
+	med = s[n/2]
+	if n%2 == 0 {
+		med = (s[n/2-1] + s[n/2]) / 2
+	}
+	return s[0], med, s[n-1]
+}
+
+type latSample struct {
+	t  time.Time
+	ms float64
+	ok bool
+}
+
+// latLive is the part of the latency state that is not saved.
+type latLive struct {
+	recent     []latSample // pings of the last latencyWindow
+	lastActive time.Time   // last sample interval with traffic from the peer
+}
+
+func (s *Stats) liveFor(id string) *latLive {
+	l := s.live[id]
+	if l == nil {
+		l = &latLive{}
+		s.live[id] = l
+	}
+	return l
+}
+
+// record adds one ping result. s.mu must be held.
+func (s *Stats) record(id string, now time.Time, rtt time.Duration, ok bool) {
+	ps := s.data.Peers[id]
+	if ps == nil {
+		ps = &peerStats{}
+		s.data.Peers[id] = ps
+	}
+	ms := float64(rtt.Microseconds()) / 1000
+	t := now.Truncate(latencyStep).Unix()
+	if n := len(ps.Latency); n == 0 || ps.Latency[n-1].T != t {
+		if n > 0 {
+			ps.Latency[n-1] = ps.Latency[n-1].summary()
+		}
+		ps.Latency = append(ps.Latency, latBucket{T: t})
+	}
+	b := &ps.Latency[len(ps.Latency)-1]
+	b.Sent++
+	if ok {
+		b.RTTs = append(b.RTTs, ms)
+	} else {
+		b.Lost++
+	}
+	l := s.liveFor(id)
+	i := 0
+	for i < len(l.recent) && now.Sub(l.recent[i].t) >= latencyWindow {
+		i++
+	}
+	l.recent = append(l.recent[i:], latSample{t: now, ms: ms, ok: ok})
+	s.dirty = true
+}
+
+// pingTargets returns the tunnel addresses to ping now, by peer ID.
+func (s *Stats) pingTargets(c *Config, now time.Time) map[netip.Addr]string {
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	defer s.mu.Unlock()
+	out := map[netip.Addr]string{}
+	for _, p := range c.Peers {
+		if !p.Enabled || !p.hasKey() || p.LatencyCheck == latencyOff {
+			continue
+		}
+		ps := s.data.Peers[p.ID]
+		if ps == nil || ps.LastHandshake.IsZero() {
+			continue // never connected: the kernel has no endpoint to send to
+		}
+		if p.LatencyCheck == latencyActive && now.Sub(s.liveFor(p.ID).lastActive) > activeWindow {
+			continue
+		}
+		if a, err := netip.ParseAddr(p.IPv4); err == nil {
+			out[a] = p.ID
+		}
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+func (s *Stats) pingRound() {
+	targets := s.pingTargets(s.store.Get(), time.Now())
+	if len(targets) == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	dsts := make([]netip.Addr, 0, len(targets))
+	for a := range targets {
+		dsts = append(dsts, a)
+	}
+	start := time.Now()
+	rtts, err := s.kernel.Ping(dsts, pingTimeout)
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	defer s.mu.Unlock()
+	if (err == nil) != (s.pingErr == nil) {
+		if err != nil {
+			slog.Warn("latency check failed", "err", err)
+		} else {
+			slog.Info("latency check works again")
+		}
+	}
+	s.pingErr = err
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	for a, id := range targets {
+		rtt, ok := rtts[a]
+		s.record(id, start, rtt, ok)
+	}
+}
+
+// RunPings runs the latency checks until stop is closed.
+func (s *Stats) RunPings(stop <-chan struct{}) {
+	t := time.NewTicker(pingInterval)
+	defer t.Stop()
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-stop:
+			return
+		case <-t.C:
+			s.pingRound()
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// PingCheck is the health line for the latency check; ok is false when no
+// peer has the check turned on.
+func (s *Stats) PingCheck(c *Config) (Check, bool) {
+	on := slices.ContainsFunc(c.Peers, func(p Peer) bool { return p.Enabled && p.LatencyCheck != latencyOff })
+	if !on {
+		return Check{}, false
+	}
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	defer s.mu.Unlock()
+	if s.pingErr != nil {
+		return Check{Name: "Latency check", OK: false, Detail: s.pingErr.Error()}, true
+	}
+	return Check{Name: "Latency check", OK: true, Detail: "ping through the tunnel works"}, true
+}
+
+// LatencyView is a peer's current latency, in milliseconds.
+type LatencyView struct {
+	MS    *float64   `json:"ms"` // median; null = no reply
+	Min   float64    `json:"min"`
+	Max   float64    `json:"max"`
+	Loss  int        `json:"loss"`  // percent of pings without a reply
+	At    time.Time  `json:"at"`    // newest ping
+	Spark []*float64 `json:"spark"` // medians of the last hour, oldest first; null = no reply
+}
+
+// latencyView returns the current latency, or nil when the peer was never
+// pinged. s.mu must be held.
+func (s *Stats) latencyView(id string, ps *peerStats, now time.Time) *LatencyView {
+	if len(ps.Latency) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	v := &LatencyView{}
+	var rtts []float64
+	var sent, lost int
+	if l := s.live[id]; l != nil && len(l.recent) > 0 {
+		v.At = l.recent[len(l.recent)-1].t
+		for _, x := range l.recent {
+			sent++
+			if x.ok {
+				rtts = append(rtts, x.ms)
+			} else {
+				lost++
+			}
+		}
+	} else {
+		// Nothing pinged since the start: show the newest saved step.
+		b := ps.Latency[len(ps.Latency)-1]
+		v.At = time.Unix(b.T, 0).Add(latencyStep)
+		if v.At.After(now) {
+			v.At = now
+		}
+		rtts, sent, lost = b.RTTs, b.Sent, b.Lost
+		if len(rtts) == 0 && b.Sent > b.Lost {
+			rtts = []float64{b.Min, b.Med, b.Max}
+		}
+	}
+	if len(rtts) > 0 {
+		var med float64
+		v.Min, med, v.Max = spread(rtts)
+		v.MS = &med
+	}
+	if sent > 0 {
+		v.Loss = lost * 100 / sent
+	}
+	for _, b := range s.latencySeries(ps, now, 12) {
+		if b.Sent > b.Lost {
+			m := b.Med
+			v.Spark = append(v.Spark, &m)
+		} else {
+			v.Spark = append(v.Spark, nil)
+		}
+	}
+	return v
+}
+
+// latencySeries returns n steps ending with the current one; steps without
+// pings have Sent 0. s.mu must be held.
+func (s *Stats) latencySeries(ps *peerStats, now time.Time, n int) []latBucket {
+	last := now.Truncate(latencyStep)
+	out := make([]latBucket, n)
+	idx := map[int64]int{}
+	for i := range out {
+		t := last.Add(-time.Duration(n-1-i) * latencyStep).Unix()
+		out[i].T = t
+		idx[t] = i
+	}
+	for _, b := range ps.Latency {
+		if i, ok := idx[b.T]; ok {
+			out[i] = b.summary()
+		}
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+// LatencyHistory returns the latency of the last 24 hours, one point per step.
+func (s *Stats) LatencyHistory(id string) []latBucket {
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	defer s.mu.Unlock()
+	ps := s.data.Peers[id]
+	if ps == nil {
+		ps = &peerStats{}
+	}
+	return s.latencySeries(ps, time.Now(), int(latencyKeep/latencyStep))
+}
+
+// pruneLatency drops history older than latencyKeep. s.mu must be held.
+func pruneLatency(ps *peerStats, now time.Time) bool {
+	cut := now.Add(-latencyKeep).Truncate(latencyStep).Unix()
+	i := 0
+	for i < len(ps.Latency) && ps.Latency[i].T < cut {
+		i++
+	}
+	if i == 0 {
+		return false
+	}
+	ps.Latency = append([]latBucket(nil), ps.Latency[i:]...)
+	return true
+}

main.go

@@ -208,9 +208,10 @@ func run(configPath string) error {
 	}
 
 	var wg sync.WaitGroup
-	wg.Add(3)
+	wg.Add(4)
 	go func() { defer wg.Done(); recon.Run(stop) }()
 	go func() { defer wg.Done(); stats.Run(stop) }()
+	go func() { defer wg.Done(); stats.RunPings(stop) }()
 	go func() { defer wg.Done(); geo.Run(stop) }()
 	go func() {
 		t := time.NewTicker(10 * time.Minute)

main_test.go

@@ -162,6 +162,13 @@ func (k *fakeKernel) Checks(*Config) []Check              { return []Check{{"fak
 func (k *fakeKernel) Uplink(*Config, bool) string         { return "eth0" }
 func (k *fakeKernel) Down(*Config) error                  { return nil }
 func (k *fakeKernel) Close() error                        { return nil }
+func (k *fakeKernel) Ping(dsts []netip.Addr, _ time.Duration) (map[netip.Addr]time.Duration, error) {
+	out := map[netip.Addr]time.Duration{}
+	for _, d := range dsts {
+		out[d] = 20 * time.Millisecond
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}
 
 func TestStatsDeltas(t *testing.T) {
 	dir := t.TempDir()
@@ -681,3 +688,53 @@ func TestInstallQuestions(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func TestLatency(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	store, err := openStore(filepath.Join(dir, "config.json"))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	key, _ := newPrivateKey()
+	pub := key.PublicKey().String()
+	ip := serverIPv4(netip.MustParsePrefix(store.Get().Server.IPv4)).Next()
+	if err := store.Update(func(c *Config) error {
+		c.Peers = append(c.Peers, Peer{ID: "p1", Name: "phone", IPv4: ip.String(), PublicKey: pub, Enabled: true, LatencyCheck: latencyActive})
+		return nil
+	}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if err := store.Update(func(c *Config) error { c.Peers[0].LatencyCheck = "sometimes"; return nil }); err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("invalid latency check accepted")
+	}
+	k := &fakeKernel{}
+	st, _ := openStats(filepath.Join(dir, "stats.json"), store, k)
+	now := time.Now()
+	k.samples = []PeerSample{{PublicKey: pub, RxBytes: 100, LastHandshake: now}}
+	st.sample()
+	k.samples[0].RxBytes += 200 // below activeRxBytes: idle, e.g. keepalives
+	st.sample()
+	if got := st.pingTargets(store.Get(), now); len(got) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("idle peer pinged: %v", got)
+	}
+	k.samples[0].RxBytes += 50_000
+	st.sample()
+	if got := st.pingTargets(store.Get(), time.Now()); got[ip] != "p1" {
+		t.Fatalf("active peer not pinged: %v", got)
+	}
+
+	st.mu.Lock()
+	for _, ms := range []int{30, 10, 20} {
+		st.record("p1", now, time.Duration(ms)*time.Millisecond, true)
+	}
+	st.record("p1", now, 0, false)
+	st.mu.Unlock()
+	l := st.Summary("p1").Latency
+	if l == nil || l.MS == nil || *l.MS != 20 || l.Min != 10 || l.Max != 30 || l.Loss != 25 {
+		t.Fatalf("latency %+v", l)
+	}
+	h := st.LatencyHistory("p1")
+	if last := h[len(h)-1]; last.Sent != 4 || last.Lost != 1 || last.Med != 20 || last.RTTs != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("history %+v", last)
+	}
+}

ping_linux.go

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+//go:build linux
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"math/rand/v2"
+	"net"
+	"net/netip"
+	"time"
+
+	"golang.org/x/net/icmp"
+	"golang.org/x/net/ipv4"
+)
+
+// listenICMP opens an unprivileged ICMP socket, which the kernel allows for
+// the groups in net.ipv4.ping_group_range (systemd opens it to all groups).
+// Running as root, a raw socket works too.
+func listenICMP() (c *icmp.PacketConn, raw bool, err error) {
+	if c, err = icmp.ListenPacket("udp4", "0.0.0.0"); err == nil {
+		return c, false, nil
+	}
+	if c, err2 := icmp.ListenPacket("ip4:icmp", "0.0.0.0"); err2 == nil {
+		return c, true, nil
+	}
+	return nil, false, errors.New("cannot open an ICMP socket (" + err.Error() + "): add the service's group to the sysctl net.ipv4.ping_group_range")
+}
+
+func (k *linuxKernel) Ping(dsts []netip.Addr, timeout time.Duration) (map[netip.Addr]time.Duration, error) {
+	conn, raw, err := listenICMP()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer conn.Close()
+	// On an unprivileged socket the kernel sets the ID and delivers only the
+	// socket's own replies; on a raw socket the ID tells them apart.
+	id := rand.IntN(0xffff) + 1
+	bySeq := map[int]netip.Addr{}
+	sent := map[netip.Addr]time.Time{}
+	for i, d := range dsts {
+		seq := i + 1
+		b, err := (&icmp.Message{Type: ipv4.ICMPTypeEcho, Body: &icmp.Echo{ID: id, Seq: seq, Data: []byte(appName)}}).Marshal(nil)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		var to net.Addr = &net.UDPAddr{IP: d.AsSlice()}
+		if raw {
+			to = &net.IPAddr{IP: d.AsSlice()}
+		}
+		sent[d] = time.Now()
+		if _, err := conn.WriteTo(b, to); err != nil {
+			delete(sent, d) // e.g. the peer has no endpoint: counts as lost
+			continue
+		}
+		bySeq[seq] = d
+	}
+	out := map[netip.Addr]time.Duration{}
+	_ = conn.SetReadDeadline(time.Now().Add(timeout))
+	buf := make([]byte, 1500)
+	for len(out) < len(sent) {
+		n, from, err := conn.ReadFrom(buf)
+		if err != nil {
+			break // deadline reached
+		}
+		now := time.Now()
+		m, err := icmp.ParseMessage(1, buf[:n])
+		if err != nil || m.Type != ipv4.ICMPTypeEchoReply {
+			continue
+		}
+		e, ok := m.Body.(*icmp.Echo)
+		if !ok || (raw && e.ID != id) {
+			continue
+		}
+		var src netip.Addr
+		switch a := from.(type) {
+		case *net.UDPAddr:
+			src, _ = netip.AddrFromSlice(a.IP)
+		case *net.IPAddr:
+			src, _ = netip.AddrFromSlice(a.IP)
+		}
+		src = src.Unmap()
+		if d, ok := bySeq[e.Seq]; !ok || d != src {
+			continue
+		}
+		if _, dup := out[src]; !dup {
+			out[src] = now.Sub(sent[src])
+		}
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}

stats.go

@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ type peerStats struct {
 	Hourly        []bucket      `json:"hourly"`
 	Daily         []bucket      `json:"daily"`
 	Sessions      []connSession `json:"sessions,omitempty"`
+	Latency       []latBucket   `json:"latency,omitempty"`
 }
 
 // session is one stretch of a peer being online from one address. When the
@@ -114,10 +115,13 @@ type Stats struct {
 	store  *Store
 	kernel Kernel
 	geo    *Geo // nil: no country and network lookups
+
+	live    map[string]*latLive // by peer ID
+	pingErr error               // of the last latency check
 }
 
 func openStats(path string, store *Store, k Kernel) (*Stats, error) {
-	s := &Stats{path: path, store: store, kernel: k, data: statsFile{Version: 1, Peers: map[string]*peerStats{}}}
+	s := &Stats{path: path, store: store, kernel: k, live: map[string]*latLive{}, data: statsFile{Version: 1, Peers: map[string]*peerStats{}}}
 	b, err := os.ReadFile(path)
 	if errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
 		return s, nil
@@ -182,7 +186,7 @@ func (s *Stats) prune(c StatsConfig, now time.Time) {
 		if i > 0 {
 			ps.Sessions = append([]connSession(nil), ps.Sessions[i:]...)
 		}
-		if len(ps.Hourly) != h || len(ps.Daily) != dl || len(ps.Sessions) != sl {
+		if pruneLatency(ps, now) || len(ps.Hourly) != h || len(ps.Daily) != dl || len(ps.Sessions) != sl {
 			s.dirty = true
 		}
 	}
@@ -223,6 +227,9 @@ func (s *Stats) sample() {
 			dRx, dTx = smp.RxBytes, smp.TxBytes
 		}
 		ps.LastRx, ps.LastTx = smp.RxBytes, smp.TxBytes
+		if dRx >= activeRxBytes {
+			s.liveFor(id).lastActive = now
+		}
 		if dRx > 0 || dTx > 0 {
 			ps.TotalRx += dRx
 			ps.TotalTx += dTx
@@ -241,6 +248,7 @@ func (s *Stats) sample() {
 	for id, ps := range s.data.Peers {
 		if !exists[id] {
 			delete(s.data.Peers, id)
+			delete(s.live, id)
 			s.dirty = true
 			continue
 		}
@@ -359,6 +367,7 @@ type PeerSummary struct {
 	DownTotal     int64        `json:"downTotal"`
 	UpTotal       int64        `json:"upTotal"`
 	Location      *GeoInfo     `json:"location"` // of the current or last endpoint
+	Latency       *LatencyView `json:"latency"`  // null = never pinged
 }
 
 func sumPoints(pts []Point) (down, up int64) {
@@ -386,6 +395,7 @@ func (s *Stats) Summary(id string) PeerSummary {
 		if cur := ps.openSession(); cur != nil && cur.Geo != nil && hostOf(cur.Endpoint) == hostOf(ps.Endpoint) {
 			out.Location = cur.Geo
 		}
+		out.Latency = s.latencyView(id, ps, time.Now())
 	}
 	if out.Location == nil && out.Endpoint != "" {
 		out.Location = s.geo.Lookup(out.Endpoint)